Tuesday, October 25, 2011
Sunday, October 23, 2011
In Studio
in the past week I have bought light bulbs and began to experiment with the different fluids things that will be put in as additive to the fluid to represent different things such as sperm, blood, tears ect... the pictures below have baking soda, jelly, milk, salt of different consistencies in them
Thursday, October 20, 2011
In Studio
Beginning Stages of figuring out the look of the dome.- next color and texture
Neuron dome
Paper and glue
Neuron dome
Paper and glue
Monday, October 10, 2011
In Studio
Random facts
In ganglion cells- m and p cells that project –
Increasing complexity –
Cognitive psych methodology : what are ruled out explanations and problems with confirming evidence? Going to do a study and you want to say that that eveidence confirms your theory- that whenever you have confirming eveidecne there always has to be and explanation for this.
The Herman Gird in relation to ganglion cells- on center off surround cells- what the eye focuses on –
What cause the neuron to fire- there is a circular image inspace – receptive field for this cell – ganglion
Firing rate of cell has to do with the change of light in the object being portrayed
Ganglion cells in the fovea have smaller receptor fields than those in the bigger reecptve fields the receptive fields re being tricked-
Bipolar cells are responsible for producing the on center of center
Ponser tests- the attention is moving due to what they are told to do- covert shift of attention- all is happening enternally when the subject changes attetion of focus
Overestimating in the assumption of pur insertion/ underestimating the assumption of additivity,-0----------subtractive method section----detection stage + decision
Add one stage to another first stage always stays the same
Natural object and feature theory – more misleading because of natural shapes and may not be recognized as much
Interferece effects- if perception and imagery takst interer then thye must requiere the same mental system
Lack of correspondence- representation in head is not the same as the distal stimulus
Paradoxical Corresepondence-accurate rep of what is out there
Thursday, October 6, 2011
Wednesday, October 5, 2011
In Studio
Post-traumatic stress disorder
A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia.
PTSD
Last reviewed: March 5, 2011.
Post-traumatic stress disorder is a type of anxiety disorder. It can occur after you've seen or experienced a traumatic event that involved the threat of injury or death.
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
PTSD can occur at any age. It can follow a natural disaster such as a flood or fire, or events such as:
• Assault
• Domestic abuse
• Prison stay
• Rape
• Terrorism
• War
For example, the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 may have caused PTSD in some people who were involved, in people who saw the disaster, and in people who lost relatives and friends.
Veterans returning home from a war often have PTSD.
The cause of PTSD is unknown. Psychological, genetic, physical, and social factors are involved. PTSD changes the body's response to stress. It affects the stress hormones and chemicals that carry information between the nerves (neurotransmitters).
It is not known why traumatic events cause PTSD in some people but not others. Having a history of trauma may increase your risk for getting PTSD after a recent traumatic event.
Symptoms
Symptoms of PTSD fall into three main categories:
1. "Reliving" the event, which disturbs day-to-day activity
• Flashback episodes, where the event seems to be happening again and again
• Repeated upsetting memories of the event
• Repeated nightmares of the event
• Strong, uncomfortable reactions to situations that remind you of the event
2. Avoidance
• Emotional "numbing," or feeling as though you don't care about anything
• Feeling detached
• Being unable to remember important aspects of the trauma
• Having a lack of interest in normal activities
• Showing less of your moods
• Avoiding places, people, or thoughts that remind you of the event
• Feeling like you have no future
3. Arousal
• Difficulty concentrating
• Startling easily
• Having an exaggerated response to things that startle you
• Feeling more aware (hypervigilance)
• Feeling irritable or having outbursts of anger
• Having trouble falling or staying asleep
You might feel guilt about the event (including "survivor guilt"). You might also have some of the following symptoms, which are typical of anxiety, stress, and tension:
• Dizziness
• Fainting
• Feeling your heart beat in your chest
• Headache
Signs and tests
There are no tests that can be done to diagnose PTSD. The diagnosis is made based on certain symptoms.
Your doctor may ask for how long you have had symptoms. This will help your doctor know if you have PTSD or a similar condition called Acute Stress Disorder (ASD).
• In PTSD, symptoms are present for at least 30 days.
• In ASD, symptoms will be present for a shorter period of time.
Your doctor may also do mental health exams, physical exams, and blood tests to rule out other illnesses that are similar to PTSD.
Treatment
Treatment can help prevent PTSD from developing after a trauma. A good social support system may also help protect against PTSD.
If PTSD does occur, a form of treatment called "desensitization" may be used.
• This treatment helps reduce symptoms by encouraging you to remember the traumatic event and express your feelings about it.
• Over time, memories of the event should become less frightening.
Support groups, where people who have had similar experiences share their feelings, may also be helpful.
People with PTSD may also have problems with:
• Alcohol or other substance abuse
• Depression
• Related medical conditions
In most cases, these problems should be treated before trying desensitization therapy.
Medicines that act on the nervous system can help reduce anxiety and other symptoms of PTSD. Antidepressants, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), can be effective in treating PTSD. Other anti-anxiety and sleep medicines may also be helpful.
Support Groups
You can get more information about post-traumatic stress disorder from the American Psychiatric Association -- www.psych.org.
Expectations (prognosis)
You can increase the chance of a good outcome with:
• Early diagnosis
• Prompt treatment
• Strong social support
Complications
Calling your health care provider
Although traumatic events can cause distress, not all feelings of distress are symptoms of PTSD. Talk about your feelings with friends and relatives. If your symptoms do not improve soon or are making you very upset, contact your doctor.
Seek help right away if:
• You feel overwhelmed
• You are thinking of hurting yourself or anybody else
• You are unable to control your behavior
• You have other very upsetting symptoms of PTSD
You can also contact your doctor for help with problems such as repeated upsetting thoughts, irritability, and problems with sleep.
Prevention
Research into ways to prevent PTSD is ongoing.
References
1. Bisson J, Andrew M. Psychological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;3:CD003388. [PubMed]
2. Stein DJ, Ipser JC, Seedat S. Pharmacotherapy for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006, Issue 1. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002795.pub2. [PubMed]
| Review Date: 3/5/2011. Reviewed by: Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Washington, School of Medicine; and David B. Merrill, MD, Assistant Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc. |
A.D.A.M., Disclaimer
Copyright © 2011, A.D.A.M., Inc.
What works?
• Sports and games for post‐traumatic stress disorder
Sports and games for post‐traumatic stress disorder Traumatic events evoke strong feelings of fear, helplessness and anxiety. Many who experience a traumatic event overcome these strong emotions however a proportion does not and the emotional reaction may progress into Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Pharmacological and psychological interventions are well known treatments for PTSD but little is known of the use of sports and games for the treatment of PTSD. This review sought to examine studies using sports and games to alleviate symptoms of PTSD.
Figures
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Drugs of interest
• Prazosin Prazosin is used alone or in combination with other medications to treat high blood pressure. Prazosin is in a class of medications called alpha-blockers. It works by relaxing the blood vessels so that blood can flow more easily through the body.
• Propranolol Oral Propranolol is used to treat high blood pressure, abnormal heart rhythms, heart disease, pheochromocytoma (tumor on a small gland near the kidneys), and certain types of tremor. It is also used to prevent angina (chest pain) and migraine headaches. Propranolol is also used to improve survival after a heart attack. Propranolol is in a class of medications called beta blockers. It works by relaxing blood vessels and slowing heart rate to improve blood flow and decrease blood pressure.
• Sertraline Sertraline is used to treat depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (bothersome thoughts that won't go away and the need to perform certain actions over and over), panic attacks (sudden, unexpected attacks of extreme fear and worry about these attacks), posttraumatic stress disorder (disturbing psychological symptoms that develop after a frightening experience), and social anxiety disorder (extreme fear of interacting with others or performing in front of others that interferes with normal life). It is also used to relieve the symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder, including mood swings, irritability, bloating, and breast tenderness. Sertraline is in a class of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). It works by increasing the amounts of serotonin, a natural substance in the brain that helps maintain mental balance.
• Paroxetine Paroxetine tablets, suspension (liquid), and extended-release (long-acting) tablets are used to treat depression, panic disorder (sudden, unexpected attacks of extreme fear and worry about these attacks), and social anxiety disorder (extreme fear of interacting with others or performing in front of others that interferes with normal life). Paroxetine tablets and suspension are also used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (bothersome thoughts that won't go away and the need to perform certain actions over and over), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD; excessive worrying that is difficult to control), and posttraumatic stress disorder (disturbing psychological symptoms that develop after a frightening experience). Paroxetine extended-release tablets are also used to treat premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD, physical and psychological symptoms that occur before the onset of the menstrual period each month). Paroxetine is in a class of medications called selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). It works by increasing the amount of serotonin, a natural substance in the brain that helps maintain mental balance.
• Clonidine Clonidine is used alone or in combination with other medications to treat high blood pressure. Clonidine is in a class of medications called centrally acting alpha-agonist hypotensive agents. It works by decreasing your heart rate and relaxing the blood vessels so that blood can flow more easily through the body.
Read More
MedlinePlus.gov links to free, reliable, up-to-date health information from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and other trusted health organizations.
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8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
Night Terrors People who have night terrors are often misdiagnosed. The most common one is a simple nightmare. Any of you who have had a night terror can say they aren't even close! Another common misdiagnosis (especially among veterans) is PTSD or Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. For this reason I have included a description of the difference between nightmares and night terrors.
Night Terrors Symptoms: Sudden awakening from sleep, persistent fear or terror that occurs at night, screaming, sweating, confusion, rapid heart rate, inability to explain what happened, usually no recall of "bad dreams" or nightmares, may have a vague sense of frightening images. Many people see spiders, snakes, animals or people in the room, are unable to fully awake, difficult to comfort, with no memory of the event on awakening the next day.
Night Terror or Nightmare: Nightmares occur during the dream phase of sleep known as REM sleep. Most people enter the REM stage of sleep sometime after 90 minutes of sleep. The circumstances of the nightmare will frighten the sleeper, who usually will wake up with a vivid memory of a long movie-like dream. Night terrors, on the other hand, occur during a phase of deep non-REM sleep usually within an hour after the subject goes to bed. This is also known as stage 4. (A link to a sleep stages chart can be found on the navigation bar to the left) During a night terror, which may last anywhere from five to twenty minutes, the person is still asleep, although the sleepers eyes may be open. When the subject does wake up, they usually have no recollection of the episode other than a sense of fear. This, however, is not always the case. Quite a few people interviewed can remember portions of the night terror, and some remember the whole thing..Night Terrors Causes
Night terrors may be caused by the following:
• Stressful life events
• Sleep deprivation
Flashbacks
Flashbacks are the “personal experiences that pop into your awareness, without any conscious, premeditated attempt to search and retrieve this memory”[3] These experiences occasionally have little to no relation to the situation at hand. Flashbacks to those suffering posttraumatic stress disorder can be so disruptive as to seriously affect day-to-day living.[3]
Memory is divided into voluntary (conscious) and involuntary (unconscious) processes that function independently of each other.[1] Theories and research on memory dates back to Herman Ebbinghaus, who began studying nonsense syllables.[1] Ebbinghaus classified three distinct classes of memory: sensory, short term, and long-term memory.[4] Sensory memory is made up of a brief storage of information within a specific medium (the line you see after waving a sparkler in your field of vision is created by sensory memory).[4] Short term memory is made up of the information currently in use to complete the task at hand.[4] Long term memory is composed of the systems used to store memory over long periods. It enables one to remember what happened two days ago at noon, or who called last night.[5]
Miller (1962–1974) declared that studying such fragile things as involuntary memories should not be done.[1] This appears to have been followed since very little research has been done on flashbacks in the cognitive psychology discipline.[1] Flashbacks have been studied within a clinical discipline however, and they have been identified as symptoms for many disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder.[1]
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Hippocampus.gif
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